Alphas are generally considered dominant, strong, and hyper-masculine, while beta males are considered weaker and submissive.
“Although most of the book’s info is still accurate, much is outdated.
We have learned more about wolves in the last 40 years than in all of previous history.”
And what has that more recent research proven?
As such, they naturally defer to their parents.
Once wolves are about four years old, they may start their own packs by breeding.
